Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A (2025)

A very simple math formula is misleading modern cosmologists to develop and reinforce the accelerated model of cosmology. With reference to photon energy, true cosmic red shift must be defined as the ratio of loss in energy of photon to the energy of photon at laboratory. In terms of wavelength, photon red shift must be defined as the ratio of increase in wavelength to the observed wavelength of photon but not the laboratory wavelength. Based on this point, in terms of traditional red shift ‘z’, true cosmic red shift seems to be z_new = [z/(z+1)]. We are afraid, but sure to say that wrong definition and wrong formula of galactic red shift led cosmologists to wrongly introduce the cosmic acceleration and dark energy concepts. Clearly speaking, light curve-based supernovae distances or traditional red shift, dark energy density and matter density dependent galactic distances can simply be fitted with [z/(z+1)](c/H0). For JADES-GS-z13-0 having a red shift of 13.2, its recommended distance is 13.576 Gly, our fit is 13.572 Gly and error is 0.03%. As thermal expansion is believed to be the basic signature of cosmic evolution, based on the current lower cosmic temperature of 2.725 K and thermal isotropy, Hubble’s law associated with corrected cosmic red shift can be reviewed in terms of current cosmic light speed rotation with no significant further expansion. By following the rate of decrease in future cosmic temperature with reference to current cosmic temperature, true nature of cosmic expansion rate can be understood. To understand this, sophisticated and most advanced instruments are required for measuring cosmic temperature up to 10 decimal places. ‘Day by day’, ‘month by month’ and ‘year by year’, time-based increase in galactic red shift can be considered as a true measure of true cosmic expansion rate. Practically no change in red shift can be considered as a measure of practically no further expansion. Very slow increase in red shift can be considered as a measure of expansion with deceleration. Uniform increase in red shift can be considered as a measure of constant rate of expansion. Fast increase in red shift can be considered as a measure of accelerating expansion. These concepts can be applied to thermal photons also. Considering Hubble-Hawking model of Hz =2.92e-19[(z+1)2.725]^2, estimated recombination age seems to be around 2/H1100 = 24600 years. Lambda model of recombination age and recently discovered old galaxies’ age can be fitted with Root(z+1)/Hz. Regarding dark matter, we would like to emphasize the point that above 180 million solar masses, galactic baryon matter acquires super gravitational behavior.